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出版伦理介绍
为何您应该关心?
发现不端行为的频率是多少?
从各种来源可以估计出发现不端行为的频率,但正如不同方法产生对不端行为真实发生率的不同估计值,不同来源的估计也会产生不同的答案
PubMed撤回:0.02%
美国科研诚信办公室:0.01 - 0.001%(每10, 000/100,000位科学家中有一位)
《细胞生物学》杂志中的图像篡改:1%(8/800)
食品药品监督管理局审计(研究者犯有严重科学不端行为):2%
不端行为有多常见?
不端行为有多普遍?